How to Design a Resistance Training Program for Your Sport

Step 1 - Evaluation And Assessmen

The first step, and perhaps the most important, is to evaluate the characteristics of the sport and to assess the athlete's physical profile.
Evaluating The SportUltimately, a resistance training program should mirror the movement patterns of the sport as closely as is feasible.
While early stages of the program may focus on developing a general strength base, as the competitive season approaches, conditioning exercises should become more specifically tailored to the sport.

The same applies to the physiological demands of the sport - a cross country runner for example, requires high levels of muscular endurance. A volleyball player would benefit from explosive power and a football lineman from exceptional muscle mass. A hockey player would benefit from basic strength, explosive power and strength endurance.

Assessing The AthleteA conditioning plan is only as successful as the individual's ability to commit to it. For most, training time is limited so the key is to prioritize. Although in an ideal scenario a soccer player would benefit from addressing explosive power and strength endurance needs, their lack of physical size and strength may be their greatest hindrance. A program to bulk the player up may have the greatest impact on their performance.

The only way to ascertain the most appropriate program design is through a battery of fitness tests. Again, selection of appropriate tests comes from an evaluation of the sport.
As a rule of thumb one repetition maximum testing for the upper and lower body is appropriate for most sports. The standing vertical jump is an obvious power test for a basketball player. The 60-second sit-up or push-up test would be suitable for many of the endurance sports.
Consider finally, the phases of the sport season. Generally, early pre-season or off-season training is reserved for maximum strength and hypertrophy. For athletes new to resistance training an extended period of time may be required for functional or anatomical training - preparing the body for a more strenuous lifting program.
For more on fitness tests and evaluation click here


Step 2 - Exercise Selection

Once a movement analysis of the sport has been considered and the strength objective for the program set (i.e. hypertrophy, maximum strength, power, strength endurance or a combination of several), the most appropriate exercises can be selected.
Core exercises (those that incorporate one or more large muscle groups) should form the basis of a maximal strength or hypertrophy resistance training program. Examples include back squats, bench presses, dead lifts and should presses. Core exercises suitable for power development include power cleans, push jerks and snatches.
When explosive power and strength endurance are more a priority (perhaps for a late pre-season strength program) more assistance exercises can be incorporated into the routine.
Assistance exercises recruit smaller muscle groups and are usually single joint exercises. They can be useful for maintaining a balance between agonists and antagonist muscle groups - especially if the sport places an uneven demand on the body. They can also closely match some of the movements in sport...

Kicking - leg extensions, hip abduction/adduction
Jumping - power cleans, calf presses, jump squats
Rowing - seated rows, hip sled, single arm rows
Swimming (front crawl) - lat pull downs, lateral raises, overhead pulls
Sprinting - lunges, step-ups, calf raises
Throwing - overhead pullovers, triceps extensions, internal/external shoulder rotations
Even though mirroring sport specific movements is an important design variable, it should not be to the neglect of other major muscle groups.
A resistance training program should aim to develop balance throughout the body even if the sport has an upper or lower body emphasis. This is an important step in injury prevention.
Here is an example of the exercises selected for a soccer player. After completing a series of tests, they were assessed to be lacking in power and speed, although their basic strength and strength endurance was good:

Step 3 covers how this collection of resistance exercises could be organized into structured sessions to achieve the desired conditioning outcome...


Step 3 - Frequency

FequencyMany athletes choose to lift weights in three workouts a week. This often works well allowing sufficient recovery time and fits nicely into the 7-day week. More advanced lifters may benefit from a four, five or even six day a week program.
Beginners are recommended to start with two, total body sessions a week.
Guidelines from the National Strength and Conditioning Association suggest that there should be at least one rest day but not more than three between working each muscle group. At a minimum, a resistance training session that works the entire body could be completed Monday and Thursday or Tuesday and Saturday.
Alternatively, it may be more suitable to use the split routine design - training different muscle groups on different days.
It's also important to take the phases of season into consideration...


Off Season - 4-6 sessions per week
Pre Season - 3-4 sessions per week
In Season - 1-2 sessions per week
Transition - 0-3 sessions per week


Of course frequency design cannot be complete without taking other elements of training (such as speed and endurance sessions) into account. A resistance training program for a hockey player for example, might be coupled with plyometric training. In this scenario, only two resistance training sessions per week is feasible.


Step 4 - Exercise Order

The order in which exercises are performed in a session should not be overlooked. Sports conditioning is more demanding than general fitness training and with various forms of training often taking place in the week it's important to maximize overload to recovery ratio.
One method for structuring exercise order is power, core ,assistance exercises. So for example, power cleans (which involves the most complex movements) should start the session if they are included. A resistance training session that follows this structure might look as follows:
Hang cleans (power)Back Squats (core)Bench Presses (core)Bent Over Rows (assistance)Triceps Push Downs (assistance)
A second approach is to alternate upper and lower body exercises:
LungesSeated RowsLeg CurlsReverse FliesCalf PressesBarbell Curls
Finally, the push-pull format is an effective resistance training session structure. For the upper body:

Incline Bench PressesLat Pull DownsMilitary PressesHammer Curls
And for the lower body:
Front SquatsStiff Leg DeadliftsHip SledsLeg Curls
Sticking with the soccer training example from Step 2, here's how that selection of exercises could be structured into an Off-season weekly resistance training plan:
Notice how the sessions are split into the "upper body / lower body format" over the week. For the individual sessions exercises are ordered by a "push-pull" format.


Step 5 - Loading & Repetitions

Assigning the right intensity or load to the exercises depends on two main factors... the training objective and the athlete's current level of strength. Loads are usually assigned as a percentage of the athlete's one repetition maximum.
The chart below shows the relationship between loading patterns and the conditioning response:
Using the chart above, for an athlete to make the greatest gains in maximal strength they should perform sets of 6 repetitions or less. That means that failure to lift another, single repetition should occur within 6 repetitions - which typically correlates to a load of greater than 85% 1RM
Strength endurance, on the other hand, is developed when a greater number of repetitions are completed (more than 12) and loads usually correlate to less than 67% 1RM. It's important to remember that adequate overload, even when strength endurance is the primary objective, occurs when each set is performed to, or close to failure.
Explosive power development is a little different. From the chart above, power for multi-sprint sports (as opposed to single power events such as Olympic Weightlifting) is best developed in a repetition range of 3-5.

However, if exercises were performed to failure in this repetition range, loads of approximately 87-93% 1RM would be used. This is too heavy for substantial power production as it limits the athlete's ability to generate speed of movement. Instead, the 3-5 repetitions are completed with loads of 75-85% 1RM with emphasis on the quality of the lifts.


Step 6 - Volume

Volume can be classed as the total amount of weight lifted in a resistance training session. This is calculated by multiplying the weight used for each set for all exercises by the number of repetitions completed. So if 3 sets of bench presses are completed, each for 10 repetitions, using 175lbs (80kg) the total volume load equates as:
3sets x 10reps x 175lbs = 5250lbs
Research has shown that gain in both hypertrophy and maximal strength can be achieved with a single set per exercise.
However, many more studies suggest that while suitable for beginners, more advanced lifters require additional volume to make further gains in strength. It's also interesting to note that there is evidence that 3 sets of 10 repetitions completed without going to failure increase strength to a greater degree than 1 set of 10 repetitions completed to failure.
As with load, volume is dependant on the athlete's previous training history and the primary strength objective. One or two sets are suitable for beginners and up to 6 sets for experienced athletes. The chart below outlines the general relationship between volume and different aspects of strength:
Rest Periods
Maximal strength training places the greatest demands on the neuromuscular system and requires the longest rest interval between sets and should last between 2-6 minutes.
Resistance training for power demands high quality of movement and the resulting fatigue from too short a rest interval compromises lifting technique. Rest periods of 2-5 minutes are also recommended for power training.
Rest interval of 30 seconds to 1.5minutes are suggested for hypertrophy and les than 30 seconds for improvements in strength endurance.


Step 7 - Progression

From phase to phase over the course of a season, resistance training usually progresses from general strength to sport-specific power and strength endurance. The in-season sees a reduction in training volume where the goal is to maintain the gains made in the off and pre-season phases.
From session to session loads and volume should increase gradually. The 2-for-2 rule is a useful guideline for increasing the resistance. For example, 3 sets of 8 repetitions may be prescribed for a particular exercise. When the athlete completes 2 more repetitions (i.e. 10 reps) on the final set for 2 consecutive sessions the weight should be increased. For smaller muscle groups an increase of 2.5-5lbs (1.25-2.5kg) is suggested and 5-10lbs (2.5-5kg) for larger muscle groups.

Plyo Box Exercises

(1)LATERAL STEP-UP Plyo Boxes: 12 inch Start: Standing to the side of the box, place the foot closest to the box on top of it. Action: Use the leg on the box to raise the body until the leg is extended, then lower to starting position. Don't push off the foot on the ground; use the bent leg to do all the work. Perform exercise using both legs.

(2) ALTERNATING PUSH-OFF Plyo Boxes: 12 inch Start: Stand on the ground and place one foot on the box, heel close to closest edge. Action: Push off of the foot on the box to gain as much height as possible by extending through the entire leg and foot; land with feet reversed (box foot lands a split second before ground foot). Use a double arm swing for height and balance.

(3) ALTERNATING PUSH-OFF (Lateral) Plyo Boxes: 12 inch, 18 inch, or 24 inch Start: Stand to one side of the box with the left foot raised onto the middle of box. Action: Using a double arm swing, jump up and over to the other side of the box, landing with the right foot on top of the box and the left foot on the floor. This drill should be done in a continuous motion, shuffling back and forth across top of plyo box.

(4)SQUAT DEPTH JUMP Plyo Boxes: One or two boxes 12 inch, 18 inch, or 24 inch Start: Stand on a box in a quarter-to hald-squat, toes close to the edge. Action: Step off the box and land in a 90-degree squat position. Explode up out of the squat and land solidly in a squat. For added difficulty, land on a second plyo box of equal height after doing the jump.

(5)DEPTH JUMP TO RIM JUMP Plyo Boxes: One or two boxes 12 inch, 18 inch, or 24 inch Start: Stand on a box, toes close to the edge Action: Step off the box and land on both feet. Immediately jump up, reaching with one hand toward the marker, and then do repeated jumps, alternating hands and trying to reach the object each time. Time on the ground should be very short, with each jump being as high as the one before. Perform three to five rim jumps after each depth jump.

(6)DEPTH JUMP WITH 360-Degree TURN Plyo Boxes: 12 inch, 18 inch, or 24 inch Start: Stand to one side of the box with the left foot raised onto middle of the box. Action: Step off the box and land on both feet. Immediately jump up and do a 360-degree turn in the air, landing again on both feet. For added difficulty, land on a second box after doing the turn. This is an advanced drill - it should not be performed by beginners.

from Jumping into Plyometrics by Donald A. Chu, PhD

Plyometrics

How Plyometric Exercises Work
A muscle that is stretched before a concentric contraction, will contract more forcefully and more rapidly (4,5). A classic example is a “dip" just prior to a vertical jump. By lowering the center of gravity quickly, the muscles involved in the jump are momentarily stretched producing a more powerful movement. But why does this occur?

Plyometrics & Injury
Strength and conditioning specialists are often cautious in their prescription of plyometrics due to what they believe is an inherent risk of injury. However, there is limited data to either confirm or reject this claim.
Several researchers have explicitly stated that no injuries occurred during their plyometric studies (13,33,34). Most do not mention whether injuries occurred or not or to what extent.
As a precaution it has been suggested that athletes have a substantial strength training background. The criteria often cited is that the athlete should be able to back squat 1.5-2x bodyweight (2,3,35) for lower body plyometrics and bench press 1x bodyweight for upper body plyometrics (3,35).
If injuries are more likely to occur with this form of training it may be due to improper landing, landing surface or depth jumps from too great a height (1). Several studies have measured the height of depth jumps on vertical jump performance. Depth jumps from both 50cm (19.7) and 80cm (31.5in) both improved power to the same extent (13). The same results were found between jumps of 75cm and 110cm (31) and between jumps of 50cm and 100cm (16). This suggests that there may be little or no added benefits of jumping from heights above 50cm (19.7in) even though the risk of injury is likely to rise.
Finally, landing surface is an important component of the plyometrics session. It should posses adequate shock absorbing properties such as grass, rubber mats and a suspended floor. Concrete, tiles, hardwood and crash mats are not suitable (35).

References

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7) Bosco C, Ito A, Komi PV, Luhtanen P, Rahkila P, Rusko H, Viitasalo JT. Neuromuscular function and mechanical efficiency of human leg extensor muscles during jumping exercises. Acta Physiol Scand. 1982 Apr;114(4):543-50
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17) The effects of plyometric training on the vertical jump performance of adult female subjects. British J Sports Med. 1982 16:113-15
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